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Geographical and Ethnic Glossary

Geografisches und ethnisches Glossar
Þiðreks saga

and Old Swedish

Sagan om Didrik af Bern
‘Didrikskrönikan’

Skokloster Codex I/115&116 quarto [E 9013]

Primarily basing on Þiðreks Saga Research

by

William J. Pfaff
Heinz Ritter-Schaumburg

Editor: Rolf Badenhausen.

An appendix of
A Modern Review of Thidrekssaga: Merovingians by the Svava
https://www.badenhausen.net/harz/svava/MerovingSvava.htm

Notes and Abbreviations
 
[ ]  
 Number of first or any further chapter(s) of Þiðreks saga manuscript perg. fol. nr 4, with supplementary Icelandic transmissions AM 178 fol., codex Brœðratungubók (‘MS A’), and AM 177 fol., codex Austfjarðabók (‘MS B’), both written in 17th century, for which MS A is considered older than MS B. The chapter enumeration ‘Mb’ of this glossary, as also chosen by several modern philologists and translators, refers to Carl R. Unger’s manuscript transcriptions of 1853. Note that Henrik Bertelsen provides Unger’s chapter numbers in curved parentheses in his transcriptions published under the title Þiðriks Saga af Bern (1905–1911), see allocation tables at the end of this document. This Bertelsen’s two-volume edition is the basic textual source of this glossary that encompasses about 200 geonyms, toponyms, hydronyms and ethnonyms of the Þiðreks saga.
     As already estimated by elder German historians, philologists and H. Ritter-Schaumburg as a modern author, who remarkably prefer BERN as Verona cisalpina (Bonn on the Rhine) over the Italian location on the Etsch, these manuscripts may provide either legends or ‘narrative history’ on the eastern Franks and some close-by northeastern tribes of 5th– 6th-century. Compared with the MHG epics and an Italian milieu assumed for Þiðrek, as being referred to by William J. Pfaff and other authors, there are these deviants:
 
Amlunga-, Apulij (Púl), Bakalar, Bern, Duna, Fenidi, Fritila, ‘Grecia’ (Gregen-), Her, Hispania, Langbarða-, Mundia, Niflunga-, Ran(a), Roma, Salerni, Sarkastein, Tarlunga-, Trent, Valkaborg, Vaskastein(n), Verniza.
  Therefore, with regard to other more or less corresponding determinations or interpretations of the saga’s venues, the editor also refers to Pfaff’s Geographical and Ethnic Names in the Þíðriks Saga, ’S-Gravenhage 1959.
    The eldest manuscript as well as the younger Icelandic and Old Swedish texts may frequently provide locations and ethno-geographical relations with names currently known to contemporary mediaeval readers and listeners; cf. Ruziland and Polarna = Pulina. Regarding the latter geonym, for instance, the Icelandic texts may occasionally replace Vilkina land by non-contemporary Pulina land , cf. Mb 294; Bertelsen: cap. 3484.

{ } Number of first or any further chapter(s) of Old Swedish MSS Skokloster-Codex I / 115 & 116, quarto, now E 9013, Riksarkivet Stockholm. Diviant name forms of the fragmentary K 45,4° MS, Sv B, are not provided. Translations of these manuscripts were published in German by Heinz Ritter-Schaumburg (1989) and in English by Ian Cumpstey (2017), who both entirely refer to the SAGAN OM DIDRIK AF BERN efter svenska handskrifter by Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius, Stockholm 1850–1854.


Fixed width font type  Geonym, toponym, hydronym or ethnonym by Þiðreks saga MSS.
   
Serif  font type  Geonym, toponym, hydronym or ethnonym by Old Swedish MSS; in case of identical spelling forms also referring to Þiðreks saga MSS.
   
[Icel. MS]   Spelling form of Icelandic manuscript A or B (optional).
   
[Icel. MSS]   Spelling form of Icelandic manuscripts A and B (optional).
   
Name   Less reliable keyword in context of geostrategical connections and/or less plausible suggestions based on Upper German poetry which includes the so-called Historische Dietrichepik.
   
(lx)   (Only lemmatically:) Alternative spelling form with additional letter,
e.g. Pal(l)teskia in the MSS as both Palteskia and Pallteskia.
(lx/ly)   (Only lemmatically:) Alternative spelling forms with either lx or ly ,
e.g. Ef(u/v)ing in the MSS as efuing and efving.
   
HE   Hessen, State of Germany
LS   Low(er) Saxony, State of Germany
NRW   North Rhine-Westphalia, State of Germany
RP   Rhineland Palatinate, State of Germany
SH   Schleswig-Holstein, State of Germany
(ethn.)   ethnic
(Germ.)   German
(Lat.)   Latin manuscript by Peringskiöld, 1715.
(pn.)   plural noun form
(sg.)   singular noun form
↓   continued with reference to the next line

GPS Format 

Degree.Decimal
Some GPS data given below may be related to an approximate position.
    Central European Map of Þiðreks saga European Map of Þiðreks saga in a northern milieu with BERN as Verona cisalpina.
(3840 px  x  2880 px)

Intertextual Notes

All annotations by the editor to glossed lemmata are given in smaller text.

Corresponding endings in the manuscripts:
garðr ↔ garð; lande, landh, landi, lan(n)d(z),lan(n)z ↔ land; skoga, skogi, skogh ↔ skog, skógr ↔ skog; steinn ↔ stein, sten

Possible letter variations:
i↔j; i↔y; nn↔n; ǫ↔o; o↔u;u↔v;u↔w; ó↔o;ú↔u;  v→u

Old Swedish-Norse-Icelandic nouns beginning with a lower-case letter are provided with upper-case initial character.

Supplementary Annotations
  • Mb 16 on Dietrich’s and Hildebrand’s fabulous hunting trip: Hillesheim as Hille’s home in the Rhineland Palatinate submitted by Daniel A. Hunt. (2014-03-12)
  • Dietrich’s trip to the Osning is an outstanding fictional story, cf. dinosaur tracks at Barkhausen, c. 11 km north of Riemsloh – see likewise Ritter-Schaumburg 1981 who thus dispensed with plausible contextual interpretation. This tale (Mb 96–107) also refers to locations called as (e.g.) Aldinfils, Aldinsæla, Drekanflis. As regards the latter, King Drusian ‘of Drekanflis’ appears as a subtle allusion to the Roman general Drusus and his altar somewhere between the Eggegebirge – Teutoburg Forest and Wiehengebirge, cf. on the geographical context esp. Tacitus, Annales II,7, Cassius Dio, Historia Romana LIV,33; LVI,18-24,5. In contexts with campaigns and routes of Drusus, his son Germanicus and Varus see Gudmund Schütte, Gotthiod und Utgard, II (1936) pgs. 198, 228-229. Admittedly, in the MHG Wolfdietrich epics (B and D) the protagonist rescues his ‘Sigeminne’ from the giant ‘Drasian’ (B) on a castle called ‘Altenfelse’ (D). (2025-03-11)
  • The story about King Hertnit (cf. Mb 417–422), who is said to have been killed by a ‘flying dragon’ in the forest of Bergara (cf. Mb 417-422), does not appear to be authentic without further interpretation; cf. Ortnit in the Wolfdietrich epics. (2025-03-11)
  • The places referring to areas of present-day Poland and Russia are incompatible with the Merovingian and Carolingian history, but rather point to the transformation of the victorious protagonist into the general of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword ‘Schwertbrüderorden’, established in 1202, as well as of the Knights of the State of the Teutonic Order – ‘Civitas Ordinis Theutonici’ – mainly along the southeastern coastland of the Baltic Sea. (2025-03-13)
The corresponding lemmas and explanations, except the Polish and Russian ones, are provided here on light blue line background.


Addinflis,
Addinfils [Icel. MS A]

→ Aldinfils
   
Adriaticus [276, Icel. MS A]
Aðrimar [276]		 Adriatic Sea, reception of → Gricklandz haf … eyia;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 13–15
   
A(e)ngland(h) {231}
ængland(i) [28,279]
 either England and/or Jutlandic Anglo-Saxon territory;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 64–67
 ængla konungr king of either England and/or Jutlandic Anglo-Saxon territory
   

Aldinfils {111}
Aldinflis [107]
Alldinfil [Icel. MS]

 •   ‘Altenfils castle’ [eastern castle: 51.4131, 8.7123], NRW,
district of Brilon by Ritter; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 15–16;
However, according to narrative contexts, this location seems too far away from the venue around → Osning and → Riemslo.
More likely a former
•   stronghold in the region of today’s Ahle [52.1902, 8.5274],
NRW, c. 7 km east of → Riemslo,
cf. Jürgen Wächter: Die frühe Geschichte der Engern in der Thidrekssage, ISBN 978-3-7693-5422-5, pgs 116–120.

Al(l)dinsæla [104]
Aldinsela {105}

 •   Ohlensehlen–Woltringhausen, certified as Aldensele in A.D. 1244
[52.5557, 8.90847], LS;
afterward revised by Ritter and Wächter (op. cit.):
•   Se(e)lhof [52.1784, 8.3535] at Altenmelle, LS;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 15 quoting localizations in an area of Weser river
   
‘Amlunga’
  iAmlvnga landi
(i)Amlunga land(i) [80]		 Region of the folk Amlungar which is related to an Eifel region on the Amel;
Pfaff op. cit. p. 18 f. for a dynastical Ostrogothic and Italian milieu.
   
Amlungatrausti → Orlungatrausti
   
Appolij {1} Peel region, north of the Hesbaye, Netherlands
   
Apulij
[formáli,Icel. MS B]
 → Puli
   
Aumlunga  [80, Icel. MS B]
Aurlingaland [281]
 → Amlunga
→ Amlunga land
   
Aurlingatrausti
Aurlungatrausti		 → Orlungatrausti
   
Austr riki,
iAusturriki [22]
Austurrike [349]		 ‘Eastern Realm’: Baltic region from Vistula river to the Gulf of Finland
   
Austrvegr [Icel. MSS] ‘Eastern Route’
   
Babilon(ia) [400]
Babilonia {344}
 Region or city on the Lower Rhine between Cologne [50.94, 6.96] and northern territory east of the Meuse.
Otto K. Schmich considers Babyloniënbroek, c. 23 km east of the confluence of the rivers Rhine–Waal (exactly: Nieuwe Merwede) and the Meuse (exactly: Amer), as geonymic relict; cf. DNB urn:nbn:de:1111-200702190; more detailed: DNB urn:nbn:de:1111-200602040.
Ritter identifies the city of Cologne.
Regarding legendary transmissions, Pfaff op. cit. pgs 29–30 considers N. Lukman, Der historische Wolfdietrich in Classica et Mediaevalia, IV (1941) p. 52 f. who offers an interesting explanation of Babilon, which, taken together with suggestions concerning the origin of other names in Wolfdietrich, makes association of Babilon with the Rhine understandable.
   
Bacalar [289,398] → Bakalar
   
Bærn
Bærnskr		 → Bern
   
Bærtanga- [350] → Bertanga, see a.
   
Bakalar {36}
Bakalar [42,43,367]
    Becculær {244}
    Makalar [371, Icel. MS B]  
 ‘Beche-lar’, composition based on
• Bechen/Beche, a settlement of the early Middle Ages; today a local part of Kürten [51.0395, 7.2126] south of the Dhünn
(→ Duna) valley dam Dhünntalsperre,
• *lar, Old German suffix mainly in the meaning of
• a woodland, preferably with a watercourse, and/or
   marshland
• a delimited area.
Bechen, formerly certified as Beche, was an early mediaeval checkpoint on the most important army and trunk road leading from Cologne via Wipperfürth to Soest; cf. (e.g.)
Heinrich Dittmaier, Siedlungsnamen und Siedlungsgeschichte des Bergischen Landes. In: Zeitschrift des Bergischen Geschichtsvereins. Band 74. Reprint: Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde der Rheinlande an der Universität Bonn (1956).
Herbert Nicke, Vergessene Wege: das historische Fernwegenetz zwischen Rhein, Weser, Hellweg und Westerwald, seine Schutzanlagen und Knotenpunkte. In: Land und Geschichte zwischen Berg, Wildenburg und Südwestfalen. Band 9. Galunder, Wiehl 2001, p. 85 f.
Cf. on *lar:
Jürgen Udolph, Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem, Berlin/New York 1994.
Heinrich Dittmaier, Die (h)lar-Namen. Sichtung und Deutung, Köln/Graz 1963, p. 68.
As to Pöchlarn (Bechelâren) on the Danube,
Pfaff op. cit. pgs 30–31 contemplates a northern Bakalar near the Rhine for the Niflungs Westphalian route to Soest (related with a further stopover at → Þorta ).
   
Ballofa,
Ballova [Icel. MSS] [58]		 Balve [51.33, 7.84], NRW;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 115–117
   
Becculær {244} → Bakalar
   

Bergara [417]

Large woodland between Cologne and Zülpich, mentioned after 973 as Burgina, Burgela, Burgula, Burgene, Burgele...
Cf. Edo W. Oostebrink in DER BERNER 100 (2024) pgs 26–27;
presumably based on Gallic *brogilo in the meaning of a bounded district.
Icel. MS A allocating to → ‘Babilon’.
See also
→ https://www.badenhausen.net/harz/svava/MerovingSvava.htm Bergara I
→ https://www.badenhausen.net/harz/svava/MerovingSvava.htm Bergara II
   
Beringz(heim)
[147, Icel. MS B]		 → Gerimsheim 
   
Bern {8}[11] Bonn as ‘VERONA CISALPINA’.
Verona on the Etsch for an Italian milieu Pfaff op. cit. pgs 34–35.
Referring to → iverne, Pfaff cites Gudmund Schütte, Gotthiod und Utgard (1936), Band II, p. 211:
Als Hildibrandr von Bern aus das langobardische Gebiet Ærminreks verheert hat, kehrt er zurück »norðr um feall«, [Bertelsen:] II, 175. Das Gebirge wird ebd. als Mundinu bezeichnet, d. h. als das Alpengebirge.
Als das Heer Ærmanreks gegen Þiðrekr ins Feld rückt, zieht es »norðr um fiall«, [Bertelsen:] II, 232; die Handschriften AB bezeichnen das Gebirge Mundiu. — Demnach sollte also Bern nördlich der Alpen liegen.
Translation:
When Hildibrandr has ravaged Ærminrek's Lombard territory from Bern, he returns »norðr um feall«, [Bertelsen:] II, 175. The mountain range is referred to ibid. as Mundinu, i.e. as the Alpine mountains.
When Ærmanrek's army marches against Þiðrekr, it moves »norðr um fiall«, [Bertelsen:] II, 232 ; the manuscripts AB refer to the mountains as Mundiu. — According to this, Bern should therefore lie north of the Alps.
see → Mundia for another geographical identification.
   
Bertanea- {215} → Bertanga, see b.
   
Bertania {23} Great Britain – England
   
Bertaanga [245, Icel. MS A]
Bertanga -borg
         -her(s) [355]
         -land
         -men(n)[211-216]
[97,134,168,190,191,
192,193,233,234,422]
Bertánnga [168, Icel. MS A]
Bertænga [191–193, Icel. MS A]
a. ‘Bardengau’ on Elbe river; cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 39.
a ‘borg’ at Lüneburg [53.25, 10.42], LS; cf. Ritter
   
Bertaanga [245, Icel. MS A]
Bertanga [233,234,245]
          [245, Icel. MS B]
Berttanga [233]
Britanjam [233,Icel. MS B]
Britannia [233,234, Icel. MS A]
Britanniam [233, Icel. MS A]
Brittanga [233, Icel. MS B]
b. likely Brittany (= Britannia minor), cf. → Valslœngu-skógr.
 

Pfaff op. cit. p. 36: The form in Þíðriks saga is probably influenced by both Old French Bretaingne (Bertange) and Bardengau (the name of an area along the lower Elbe). The problems presented by this name can be adequately discussed only in reference to the specific contexts in which it appears.
   
Bettam  [84, Icel. MS B] → Brictan
   
Beyeren {8}

 ‘Boier’ (ethn.), tribal people appearing in region of Cologne (cf. ‘Beyenthal’), likely related to Celtic ‘Boi’
   
Bitan [93, Icel. MS A]
Bittam [93, Icel. MS B]
Bittann [84, Icel. MS A] 		→ Brictan
   
Bœrtanga -borg, -land
[350,351]		 → Bertanga, see a.
   
Bolgaraland [276] a South Slavic region; not connected with a place of action.
The Peloponnese’s Slavs were converted to Christianity by Emperor Michael III.
   
Borga skog(h) {118}
Borgar scogr,
Borg(ar)valld [117]		 Forest in Sauerland?
   
Brande(n)borg {213,227}
Brandina borg [231,245, 254,264,258,263–266, 269,270,272–274]
Brandhaborgh {378}
a. Residence of  Jarl Iron:
Brandenburg, Lauchröden [50.994, 10.1731];
cf. Rolf Badenhausen, DER BERNER 97, pgs 22–23.
 {246}[291]  
b. Location of Vilkina War: Brandenburg on the Havel ?
   
Bratinga -borgh {298} Residence of  King Isung   → Bertanga, see a.
Bretania {178} → Bertanga, see a.
   
Brictan [84] Brechten [51.58, 7.46], NRW; cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 46
The extent of the forest area → Lyravald, even northwest of Soest – Wedinghausen, could have been much larger due to presumable deforestation since the Middle Ages.
   
Brimum,
Brinnon [394, Icel. MS B]

 Bremen-Ense, district of Soest, known for its burial grounds with prae-mediaeval and mediaeval burial objects.
   
Britanea- {160,179,180}
Britania- {97,301} 
 → Bertanga, see a.
 
Britanjam [233, Icel. MS B]
Britannia [233,234,Icel.MS A]
Britanniam [233, Icel. MS A]
Brittanga [233, Icel. MS B]		 → Bertanga, see b.
   
Brittan [93] → Brictan
   
Brittan [28] Britannia (England); cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 48–49.
   
Brugara -land {359} → Bergara
   
Dall (?) {152} possibly Thale on Bode river [51.754, 11.044], Harz, Germany;
cf. Ritter 1989, p. 364 [Otto Reichl edition of Die Didriks-Chronik…]
   
Danaveldi [111]
Danavellde  [111, Icel. MS A]
Danmark
Danmørk  [Icel. MSS]
Danmörk [formáli]		  
 a forest in ↓
        Denmark
   
didriks badh {385} → Þiðreks bad
   

Drakensell {221}
Drakasus {96, MS B}
Drekafils {96}
Drecan(n)flis,
Dre(c/k)anfil(s) [96,101,240,275]

‘drakas-hus’: dragon’s house or dragon’s seat, cf. Swedish: ‘Draken säte’.
Location related to Þiðrek’s adventurous expedition to the → Osning in the area of the Externsteine [51.86889, 8.9175], NRW.

•   place of the Diedrichsburg, built at a mediaeval tower,
[52.23885, 8.35143], LS,
or
•   place of the 13th-century Burg Limberg [52.28029, 8.50769],
NRW,
or
•   place of the 11th-century Drakenburg [52.68333, 9.21008],
LS,
by F. H. von der Hagen 1814; cf. Pfaff under ALDINSÆA, pgs 16–18.
However, according to narrative contexts, these locations seem less appropriate.
or
•   a former stronghold at today’s Dreyen [52.1542, 8.51512],
NRW, c. 7 km east of → Riemslo,
proposed by Jürgen Wächter (op. cit.) pgs 111–113.
   
Duna
Dwna (w=u) {307}
Dúná
Dyna [363]		 Dhünn river [e.g. 51.036, 6.991] falling in the Rhine between Opladen and Leverkusen, NRW.
Pfaff op. cit. p. 61 asks for a river north of the Danube.
   
Edilla [61, Icel. MS B] → Etissa
   
Efuing [96, Icel. MS A] → Osning
   
Eidis [82] •   Mouth of Aller river ‘Eitzer See’ near Verden, LS, by Ritter.
•   Mediaeval Edessen/Edissen passage on Weser river
by Edo W. Oostebrink (2017).
Pfaff op. cit. pgs 63–64 equates this hydronym with Eider river, SH, which, however, may contextually result in a detour.
   
Esning [96, Icel. MS B] → Osning
   
Etissa [61, Icel. MS A] Weser river;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 68, pgs 221–222
Eydiss {79} → Eidis
   
Falster -skog {113}
Falst(u)r -scogr
-skogi,
-skogur
[55,109]
 large forest in SH;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 71–72
   
Fenedi {12}[15]
Fenidi [106]
[formáli]		 → Venedi
   
Fer(i)til(i)a [13] → Fritila
   
   
Ffenedie {12} → Venedi
   
Ffindlandh {17} → Winland
   
Fimber {383} Isle of Fehmarn [54.5, 11.1], Baltic Sea, Germany;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 73–74.
   
(i)fracka  -rici [247]
          -riki
[261,262,267]
Fracka vellði
          -riki [221]
Fraclandz [246]
Frakkland [266]
Frakland
[formáli]
Franka riki
[267, Icel. MS B]		 a Frankish territory, contextually localizable on Main river, HE; cf. ‘Frank-furt’ (Germ. furt = ford)



cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 74–76

‘afranzeis tungu’
[251]		 ‘Frankish spoken’

‘aa frankis manna’
[251, Icel. MS A]		 ‘by Frankish men’

‘a fracka’[225,Icel. MS B] ‘of France’
   
Fridsæl(a/u) → Fritila
   
Frisia [434]{378} contextually a waterbody, apparently connected with ↓
   
Frisland [39] {33}
ifrislandi [41]
 Frisian coast lands, now Germany and Netherlands;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 76–77
   
Fritalea {227}
Frit(t)ila -borg
[13,123,269,271-274,
323]
Fritula [123,269 Icel. MS]
Fritilia {10,234}		 Residence of the Harlungen ( ‘A(h)rlungen’ ):
Castle on the Middle Rhine, RP;
Harlungen territory between the Ahr and the Middle Rhine as covered by Arenfels castle, the former Argenfels [50.522, 7.307], re(?)-built in 1258/1259 at Bad Hönningen;
cf. MHG epic Dietrichs Flucht:
Brîsach – Brisiacum (Lat.), the latter as the northern seat:
Breisig [50.496, 7.3130], RP founded as Roman stronghold.
Pfaff op. cit. pgs 77–78 recalls possibilities for a southern milieu.
   
Gautland [21] Götaland (Götland);
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 79–81
   
Gergen borg
[275, Icel. MS B]		 → Grekenborg, Grekin
   
Gerimsheim(r [147]
Gerimshem {144}
Geringsheim [147, Icel. MS A]		 Germersheim on the Rhine [49.22, 8.37], RP
or
Gernsheim [49.75, 8.48], HE;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 81–82
   
Gerseka -borg
[241]
[308, Icel. MS B]		 Jersika (Gerceke, Gercike, Gersika), location on hist. Livonia.
Named in deeds of the Abbot of Daugavgriva (Germ. ‘Dünamünde’), Latvia, 1230; of Bishop Nikolaus, 1239.
Sources:
Russisches in der Thidrekssaga by Ella Studer; doctoral thesis, Bern, Switzerland, 1931;
Russkije i Viltiny v sage o Tidreke Bernskom by A. N. Weselovskij; Akademii Nauk., vol XI, St Petersburg, 1906.
   
{17,21}
[22,26,31]		 GRAECEN preferred as general expression for the Slavs by Adam von Bremen, 11th-century chronicler based in Northern Germany; cf. Hans-Jürgen Hube 2009, p. 34Fn. 2
   
Girclandz haf [185] Reception of ‘The Greek Sea’; cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 84–85
   
Girklande [22] → Gerseka
   
Girklandi [133] Reception of Greece
   
Gøtaland {17} Götaland (Götland)
   
Græchenborg {355} → Grekenborg, Grekin
   
Grånasund [58] → Grœnasund
   
Gransport [369]
[322, Icel. MS A]
Grans porth {272,384}
Granzport(h) {383}

Other forms:
Grans(s)port (Mb)
Icel. MS A: Gransport, Grænsport
Icel. MS B: Grunnzport, Grunsport, Grœnzport
 Battle place on the Moselle
Ritter identifies the strait traditionally called ‘Gänsefürtchen’ on the Moselle’s mouth  confluentes  [50.366, 7.608], Koblenz, RP.
The forms ‘Grænsport’ and ‘Grœnzport’ may originally reflect ‘Gränze’, an oral form of German ‘Grenze’ whose borderline was formed by the Vinxtbach (cf. MS B: vinsala), separating the Roman Germania inferior from the superior, runs c. 26 km (16 miles) north of the Moselle’s mouth; cf. Karl Weinand in: DER BERNER 59, pgs 3-22; no. 60, pgs 3-23.
Pfaff op. cit. p. 85 considers the battle’s place (cf. MHG Rabenschlacht) on the Moselle, arguing that the persistence of the G-forms and the three references to the battle by this name in other sequences in Þíðriks Saga (II, 254, 292, 395–396) suggest that the battle had been localized on the Moselle in northern German legend (Hempel, 173f; see Musulá, Dan-mörk 1); such a localization is consistent with the ascription to Ermanaric of holdings north of the western Alps elsewhere in Þíðriks saga (see Trelinn-borg).

 
Greca [241]
Greca [26]
Grecia [31]		 → Gerseka
   
Gregen borg [413]
Gregen ‘borg(ina)’
[275, Icel. MS A]		 → Grekenborg, Grekin

Pfaff op. cit. pgs 83–84 additionally contemplates a ‘Greek stronghold’, propably no more than an alternative name for Ravenna ...’
   
Greka [26,308]
Grekana land {21}		 → Gerseka
   
Greke haff {178} → Griklandz haf
   
Greken {17,26,222,263} → Gerseka
Greken {132} Reception of ‘Greece’
   
Grekenborg {355}
Grekin {10}		 Graach on the Moselle [49.933, 7.064], RP;
cf. Ritter 1982:64–65En. 8; Otto Reichl Edition of Thidreks saga 1989;
cf. Hans-Jürgen Hube 2009, p. 24Fn. 2
   
Greminsten {144} → Gerimsheim
   
Gricklande [formáli] → Gerseka and/or ‘Greece’
   
Gricklandi [309]
 → Gerseka
   
Gricklands eyum
[13, Icel. MS B]
 Reception of ‘The Isles of Greece’; cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 84
   
Gricklandz haf
[185, Icel. MS A]		 Reception of ‘The Greek Sea’; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 84–85
   
Gricklanndi [22, Icel. MSS]
Gricklanndz eyia
[13]
Hellespontus(Lat.)		 → Gerseka
Reception of ‘The Isles of Greece’; cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 84
   
Gricland [276] Reception combined with → Aðrimar
   
Griclandi [22] → Gerseka
   
Griklandz hafui [13] Reception of ‘The Greek Sea’
   
Grœnasund
Grønasund
[58, Icel. MSS] {57}
Grönasund {57}		 Grønsund, strait between Møn and Falster islands, Denmark;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 86
   
Gronsport
[322,325,340]		 → Gransport
   
Her [90] Location of Herrnstein castle re(?)-built about 1300,
[50.83056, 7.38932]
or
Herchen [50.77945, 7.51028],
cf. Mb 90 relating a distance given by time on horseback till → Bern;

Pfaff op.cit. pgs 87–88 contemplates Hildebrand’s estate near Verona, but also supports the suggestion that this unidentifiable non-Italian sounding name may reflect the first element in a personal (or tribal) name; the same sort of transfer has occurred in the cases of Fritila and Lippá, [a river in Westphalia].
   
Herraland [356] Land of  Osið, son of  Otnið (Sv: Herding), son of  Osið the Elder, both Frisian kings.
Translators of the eldest MS read hunaland(i) (Peringskiöld) and heunenland (von der Hagen), whereas both the Latin manuscript (1715) and the Icelandic A & B MSS do not provide this geonym. The younger MSS possibly provide a misspelling of either Hunaland or Hamaland, the latter a region on the Ijssel, Netherlands. Ulrich Nonn, Die Franken (Stuttagrt 2010) states (p. 20): Der Name der Chamaven lebt im früheren Mittelalter fort im Gau Hamaland zwischen Ijssel und Rhein, im Raum um Deventer.
Pfaff op. cit. p. 88 lists up i.a. the district of northern ancient ‘Herrenveen’.
   
Himaland(h) {320,348}
Himblingha landh {272}

Hina {288}
Hiner {320}
 → Amlungaland


→ (ethn.) Huner
   
Hispan(i)a [152]
Hispaniam [formáli]		 ‘La Hesbaye’, region around Liege, Belgium.
Spain for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. pgs 170–171
   
Hofferd(h) {385} [441] Hüffert on Warburg location [51.48506, 9.13801], NRW
with a Carolingian church followed by the Church of Andrew the Apostle of 11th century on the Wartberg.
   
Holmganga [430]
Holmgongu [188]
Holmgøngu [431]		 Going to (fighting on) an island (= holm), cf. e.g. [188]
   
Hol(l)mgarð [22]
a. original meaning: island-castle
   
Homgarð [381]
b. Susat residence garden; see also → Horn-gården
   
Hòlsthen {385}
  Region of SH; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 90–91
   
Horn-gården {324}  Susat residence garden
   
Humlunga- [83, Icel. MS A]
Humblunge- {76}, 
Humlinge- {131}, 
Humlunge land {238} 		 → Amlunga
   
Húnaland
Hun(a)lan(n)d(i/z)
[29…428]
Hunaland {29} 		Region south of Frisia and Jutland, extending to (parts of) LS and NRW.
Pfaff op. cit. p. 91f: In Þíðriks saga, a kingdom in northern Germany, conquered by Attila, second son of the king of Frísia, who established his court at Susat (Soest), and ruled by him until his death, whereupon Þíðrikr incorporated it into his realm (...) All of the clearly identifiable localities in northern Germany except Brandina-borg (Brandenburg on the Havel) lie between the Weser and the Rhineland, north of the mountainous area known as the Sauerland in the west and the Harz in the east and exclusive of the coastal area, which belonged to the independent Frisian state.
   
Huneland(h) {24,272} → Hunaland
   
Huner
Hunir		 (ethn.) tribal people (contextually warriors) of → Hunaland
   
Hwetland
 → Willand-
   
Hwmlunga- {348}
Hwmlwnga- {348}

Hwnalandh {269}
Hwnelandh {269}
Hymalandh {290}
Hymeland {302}
Hymelandh {287}
Hymmelandh {286}		 → Amlunga
 

→ Hunaland
   
HymÆr {326}
Hymer {332}
Hymiglingha {338}
Hyminga {328}
Hymingha {325}
Hyner [309, Icel. MS B]  {324}
Hyna {288}
Hẏnar {247}
Hýnar [309, Icel. MS A]  {247}
 → (ethn.) Huner
 
‘iverne’  [232] Seat of Þiðreks brother-in-law Hardengn (Icl.: Herthegn [A], Herdegn [B], Old Swedish: Harding), father of Herburt.
The scriptor of the passage in MS perg. fol. nr 4 left the spelling form , thus using a ‘micro’ sign with a mirrored and roughly quarter-turned tilde, which he regularly prefers for ‘vœr’.
MS perg. fol. nr 4, clipping from sheet f. 72r. Bertelsen (II,46) reads iverne.

Since the eldest manuscript ascribes bernar to Þiðrek’s seat BERN, and iverne to the home location and starting point of his nephew Herburt, the equalization of Weronni – as left in the Icel. AB MSS – with ‘Verona = Bern’ seems misleading. Edward R. Haymes thus annotates the non-binding suggestion by Pfaff thinking of ‘Hibernia’, Ireland, op. cit. p. 109. (see Haymes: The Saga of Thidrek of Bern, 1988, p. 142), which, however, has been rejected by Bertelsen.
More plausible appears Iversheim [50.581764, 6.770258], 3rd-century Roman location with its stronghold castra hiberna, c. 30 km west of Bonn.
   
‘Jarlungaland’ [Icel. MS B] → Tarlungaland
   
J(o/v)tland [21,45,117]
J(u/w)tland {59,75}
 Jutland; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 111–114
   
Kallaffua,
Kallælffua, {56}		 → Ballova
Pfaff op. cit. p. 116: It more likely reflects a northern German location: compare Kalle, near the Ruhr and near Balve…
   
Kiow
Kiu [22, Icel. MSS]		 Kiev, Ukraine;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 117–118
   
Langbarðaland(i)
[275,287]
Langbardiland
[287, Icel. MS B]
Lijngbardij [415, Icel. MS B]
Lingbardi [formáli]
 → Lumberdi
   
Lippa [84, Icel. MSS] Lippe river, NRW; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 123–124
   
Lombardia(m)(Lat.)
Lombardy {357}
Lumberdi ↔ Lwmberdi {371}
Lunbardi [formáli]
Lungbardi [287, Icel. MS A]
Lungbardie [430, Icel. MSS]
Lunngbarda lannd [435]		 either misspelling in transmissions,
cf. e.g. → ‘Lurnvalld’ → Lumbald → Lumbard – Lombard
→ https://www.badenhausen.net/harz/svava/MonasteriumLudewici.pdf

or based on the Geography of Ptolemy:
 

Map by Raymond W. Chambers, Widsith 1912: see p. 241 f. for emendation. For instance, Ptolemy took the region of Angaria (‘Angrivaria’, the Germ. Engern) for the ‘Suevi Angili’.
   
Lurnualld [139, Icel. MS B]
Luruvalld [398]
Lutu(m/n/u)alld
[84,139,398, Icel. MS A]
Lyravald [84,139]
Lyrawoll {83} 
Lyrowal {342,343}		 Lürwald (‘Luerwald’), center of this forest region [51.44, 7.90]
c. 13 km northwest of Arnsberg-Wedinghausen), NRW;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 124–125
   
Mænstrborg [394] Münster [51.95, 7.63], NRW;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 131–132
   
Marcstein
Marsteinn [55,Icel. MSS]		 Place of residence in → Falstur woodland;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 127
   
Marsteinn [117]
Marsten {118,119}
 Marsberg, Eresburg [51.4527, 8.85234], NRW?
Marstem, region on Charlemagne’s Saxon route, southwest of Hanover, LS ?
Note that -berg and -stein are often interchangeable.
   
Mesturborg
[Icel. MS B]		 → Mænstrborg
   
Mittan [28] → Brittan and/or Scotland;
cf. Bertelsen II, 70,
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 48–49
   
Mœre {308}[364] German based name ‘Möre’ for a lake, backwater or a broadening caused by a large watercourse (e.g. a river) nearby;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 132–133
   
Mundia {244}
Mundinu [287]
Mundio [397]
Mundiu [325, Icel. MSS]
Mundiufiall [403]
[Icel. MSS]
Mundium (Lat.)
Munndiu [287, Icel. MSS]
Mwndia fiall {230}
Mwndia land {244}
 hilly and mountainous lands bordering the geological bay between the Eifel and the Rhine, NRW.
Naming most likely based on
• outstanding premediaeval ecclesiastical region surrounding Mündt and Müntz [50.984, 6.367]
→ https://www.badenhausen.net/harz/svava/MonasteriumLudewici.pdf  cf. endnote 21
• geohistorical relevance in connection with MUNDIACUM:
Мουνδιακω της ετερας Гερμανιας → Mundiako in the other Germania (= Germania secunda) by Olympiodoros of Thebes:
possibly/likely including Mendig [50.371, 7.279], formerly ‘Menedich’ presumably based on ‘Mendiacum’
Central and west Alps for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. pgs 127–129
   
Musala {286}
Musula [325,336]
   Vinsala[Icel. MS B]		 Moselle river
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 129–131
   
Niflunga-land
 According to both Ritter and  F. J. Mone this naming seems related to a folk residing on Neffel rivulet, an outer Eifel region mainly west of the Lower Rhine; cf. Franz Joseph Mone: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der teutschen Heldensage (1836) p. 30 f.
Pfaff op. cit. pgs 135–136: reflecting Burgundian state established c. 413
Niflungar [169] (ethn. pn.), usually also genitive
   
Nøffl(u/i)nge {161,202} → Niflunga
   
Nons, Nóns [16,272] [16] …til nóns… ,  [272] …til nons… apparently rather a geonym/watercourse than a time form:
NONA rivulet, today ‘Nohner Bach’ [50.332, 6.794], RP;
cf. O.K. Schmich, DNB urn:nbn:de:1111-200409156
   
Norðmenn (ethn. sg. Norðmaðr) Norwegian and likely Icelandic people of male gender, presumably contrasted to Swedes and Danes
   
‘Norrænner’ (ethn.) most likely identical with → Norðmenn
   
Nyf(f)ling(h)a
{161,320,322,324,330}
Nyffling(h)a
      -gull {367}
-skat(h) {304,367,368} 		→ Niflunga
   
Ømlunga- [284, Icel. MS B]
Ømlunngha- [269, Icel. MS A]

Ømlung(a/u)r
[171,176, Icel. MSS]		 → Amlunga-


(ethn.) tribal people of  → Amlunga-land
   
Øraswnd {116} Øresund, Zealandic-Scanian strait
   
Ørlunga land
[269, Icel. MS B]		 Realm of  Aki (Ake) the Elder, residence location: → Fritila
   
Omlunga- → Amlunga-
occasionally mismatched with the realm of  Jarl Ake (Aki)
   
Orlungatrausti
[123, Icel. MS A]

Orlun(n)g(a/u)r
Apposition of  Aki (Ake) the Elder, residence location: → Fritila

(ethn.) tribal people ruled by Aki (Ake) the Elder
   
Osning [96]
Ossyen {96}		 (a part of) Teutoburg Forest, NRW and LS,
a region namely related to ‘Osnabrück’ [52.28, 8.05], NRW;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 143–144
   
Òstherik {297} → Austrikki
   
Pæclær, Pæclar {342} → Bakalar
   
Palerna {258} → Polarna land
   
Palltæskiu [22]
Pallteskiv [22]
Palltica [310, Icel. MS A]
Palteskia [310]
Palteskia {264}
 likely Polotsk, Byelorussia;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 145–146
   
Polarna land {255}
Polenia-[158, Icel. MS B]
Polima-[155, Icel. MS B]		 a region of later Poland (?)
   
Pollerna land {21} → Polarna
   
Pul [formáli]
Puli [13,241]
 Certified as Pulicha in 11th century:
Polch [50.30, 7.31], RP, by Ritter;
Pellenz region around Mayen [50.326, 7.223], RP,
as identified by Rev. Konrad Kowollik in: Otto Reichl Edition of Thidreks saga 1989:756f.
‘Apulia’ for a southern milieu: Pfaffop. cit. pgs 146–147
   
Pulærna -land [22,26]
Pulina [294, Icel. MSS]
Pulinaland [22,26]
[156, Icel. MS A]
[158,300,304,310]
[formáli]
Pullerna land {17}
Pvlinaland [155]
 → Polarna land
→  Vilcina according to elder MS Perg. fol. nr 4,
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 147–148
 
 
Raam {356} last residence of Jarl Alebrand, formerly a residence of Viðga:
• Ramershoven, formerly Ramesanva – Ramesowa, location mentioned as property of the Pippins, [50.64, 6.96], NRW, by Ritter.
In more plausible strategical context of the MSS (cf. Otto Reichl Edition of Thidreks saga 1989, pgs 784-785): ↓
   
Ræna
Ran [412]
Rana [283]
• the topographical Rahn – Rähn [50.315, 7.37]
near Kaan [50.299, 7.34], RP;
→ https://www.badenhausen.net/harz/svava/Thidrekssaga-Mosel.pdf
Rauennam [317,318]  •   Ravenna for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. pgs 149–150,
but Rauenthal near the mouth of the Moselle.
   
Regen,
Regin(n), location of		 Regenstein in the Harz [51.82, 10.96] by Ritter
or
Rheinbach, certified as the former Reginbach [50.595317, 6.890847] with Wormersdorf [50.59545, 6.97373]
by R. Patzwaldt → http://www.wingarden.de/wing/germanen/art-nibelungen2.html  (retrieved 2015-02-09)
   
Rimslo [104] Woodland of Riemsloh, Melle, LS;
today’s prehistoric animal tracks preserved 11 km north of Riemsloh city [52.278333, 8.413889]
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 150–151
   
Riin {244}, Rin {307}
Rín [245,282,363,364,
     376,399]
Rinar [289]
Rhine river (Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands);
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 151–153
   
Rom {10,356}
Róma borg(h) {273}
Roma borgar
[13,414,422]
Röm {363}		 a.  Rom at Burgen [50.213, 7.39], RP, likely Ermenrik finally in:

b.  Trier (Roma secunda) [49.76, 6.65], RP, by Ritter et al.


a. : Cartographic sources:
Karl-Josef Gilles: Spätrömische Höhensiedlungen in Eifel und Hunsrück, Nr. 11 (1985), p. 147 f. (left)
Jean-Joseph Tranchot: Map nr. 159 (1810/1811) with Münstermaifeld (right)
Italian Rome for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. p. 153 f.
   
Ro(o)m {355} → Ran(a)
   
Rómveriar,
Romverium [413]
Romverja [13]
 (ethn.) people of → Rom, Rómaborg(h)
   
Ruma borg(ar)
[272,276]		 → Rom, Rómaborg(h)
   
Runslo, Runtslu [104] → Rimslo
   
Ruz(c)i(a) -land [22…398]
Ruzia [formáli]
 → Rytzeland;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 156–159
   
Ruzci(a/e)menn, Ruzcinamenn,
Ruzimanna,
Ruzimenn [22…331]		 (ethn.) male tribal people in an area of later Western Russia
   
Rwnslo {105} → Rimslo
   
Rẏdzeland {17} → Rytzeland
   
Rygia {384}
 Rügen island, Baltic Sea
   
Rysserna {281} (pn.)
Rytz {17}(sg.)
(pn.↓)
Rẏt(s)zar {263,265}
Rẏtzsa(r)na(r) {253,262}
  

→ (ethn.) Ruszimenn
   
Rẏtzeland {17}
Rẏtzseland {254}		 Baltic and Slavic and later Western Russian areas
   
‘Sa’gard’ {14}
Sægard [226, Icel.MS A]
  Regard [226, Icel.MS B]
Sægarð [18]		 Castle of  Brynhild (‘Brunhild’)  
Heimburg [51.822222, 10.911111] by Ritter,
Ilsenstein [51.846667, 10.661667] by Walter Böckmann 1981,
Seeburg [51.49113, 11.69853], a fortification in ‘northern Suebia’ by Daniel A. Hunt.
   
Salerna {1}
Salernæ  {3}
Salerni [1,3,8,10]
[12, Icel. MS B]
‘Salernis borg’
[3,8, Icel. MS A]		 Location representing the region of the Salian Franks between c. 400 and 440, likely conceived as an urban location in translatory context.
Salerno, Italy, for a southern milieu, cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 161–162 
   
Samson {1} [1] Person, cf. village and castra on the Meuse [50.4653, 4.9990], Belgium
   
Sarca steinn,
Sarca stinn [276]
Sarkasten {230}		 most likely Sirzenich on the Moselle, the 10th- century Sarceni  [49.764179, 6.595289]
Pfaff op. cit. p. 162 estimates a locality probably in Italy.
   
Sassen {112}
Saxlannd,
Saxlan(n)di [111]
[formáli]
Saxlan(n/d)(z)
[109,110,117,122,144]
[23, Icel. MS A]
Saxonia(m)
 (part of) Lower Saxony; cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 163.
[23, Icel. MS B] → Siálande; Perg. fol. nr 4 MS:→ Sviþioðu
[144, Icel. MS A] → Perg. fol. nr 4 MS and  Icel. MS B  provide → Hunaland instead.
   
Scane [111]
Skanœy [21]		 → Skåne
   
Scotmenn [84]
 Scots men (ethn.)
apparently based on Old Germ. Schächer, Old English scēacere(s): robber(s)
   
Sealand [21] Zealand, island of Denmark, (con)temporarily belonging to Sweden;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 165–166
   
Sægard [18][226, Icel. MS A] 
Segarðr [226]		 → Sægard
   
Seoland [27] → Sealand
   
Seland, S(i)æland
{17,18,55}
 → Sealand
   
Siaalannd [25, Icel. MSS]
 → Sealand
      Sioland: cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 165–166
→ Suiþioð  by Perg. fol. nr 4 MS, as → Sealand ?
   
Sialand [22, Icel. MSS]
 → Þioðlond by Perg. fol. nr 4 MS, as → Sealand ?
   
Sinaland [312, Icel. MS A] → Smalænzku
   
Siogard {210} → Sægard
   
Sioland [25] → Sealand
   
Skaney  [11, Icel. MS A]
Skåne {17,114}

Skækmenn  [84, Icel. MSS]
 Scania, Sweden;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 163–164

→ Scotmenn
   
Skorottan [28]
Skottan [28, Icel. MS B]
Skotland [28]{23}
Skrottan [28]		 Scotland
   
Sma land [22]
Smalond [22]		 ‘Samland’, literally: Sambiysky Peninsula, today the Kaliningrad Peninsula.
An area formerly including or bordering the later Lithuania;
cf. clarifying attempt by Pfaff op. cit. pgs 168–169 quot. i.a. Adam von Bremen, mediaeval chronicler
   
Smaaland {265}
Smaland [312]
Smalænzku [314]		 Smolensk, Russia
   
Smalencium [22, Icel. MS A] → Sma land [22]
   
Smalendskia {266} Smolensk, Russia; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 169–170
   
Smalenzkiv,
Smalizku [22]		 → Sma land [22]
   
Spania -lande  [9]
Spaniam
[formáli, Icel. MS B]		 → Hispania
   
Sporta [371] [Icel. MSS] → Þorta
   
Suana
Suaua [15,49][formáli]
Suava [18]
      -skog [159,160]
Suawen {385}
 → Svava
   
Suðrriki [131]
 ‘Southern Realms’, most likely an allusion to the territorial gains of Theuderic I

 
Suidiod  [80, Icel. MS A]
Suiðioð [21]
Suiþiod [66]
Suiþioð [25]
 → Sviþioð
   
Susa {33}
Susa
Susack,Susam [41]
Susat [38…400]
 Soest [51.57, 8.11], NRW;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 172–175
   
Svana {152}
[159,160, Icel. MS B]
Svauaraland [49]
‘Svavaraland’
Svava [12] [49, Icel. MS A]
Svava -skóg [159, Icel.MS A]

 Area including the eastern Harz region between Bode and Saale rivers, stretching out from → Hunaland to the region of the southern Suevi.
Pfaff op. cit. pgs 175–181 contextually remarks the replacement with Thuringia in the formáli written by the scribe of Icel. MS B.
About A.D. 570 northern Suevi are mentioned under the command of Frankish king Sigibert I; thereafter warriors of this tribe were fighting against Saxons homeward bound from Italy and reclaiming their former property. Cf. Gregory of Tours, Hist V, 15; Paulus Diac. II, 6; Widukind of Corvey I, 14.
   
Svava -skog [159] a forest in → Svava
   
Svðrriki [131] → Suðrikki
   
Svíar, Svijar
 
Sviðioðu [23]
Svjðioðu [42]
Sviþiod [formáli]
Sviþiód [21]
Sviþioð [80]
 (ethn.) Swedish people

Sweden;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 181–183
   
Swana {151,152}
Swawell {44}		 → Svava
   
Swaweren {8} (ethn.) tribal people located in Svava
   
Swenske men {301} (cf. ethn.) equated with ‘Vilcinamenn’, Old Swedish MSS
   
Sweri(g/k)e {17,20,22} → Sviþioð
   
Syrialand [312, Icel. MS B] → Smalænzku
   
Talinge land {149} → Polarna
   
Tarlungaland [152]
Tarlunge-, Tarlwnge land {148}		 ‘Darlingau’ (‘Derlingau’), region with German locations Wolfsburg and Braunschweig, LS, by Ritter.
Pfaff op. cit. p. 185f. prefers a Carolingian land (i.e. ‘Kerlingen’).
   
Þiðreks bad
[414,438]
• The Roman-built Thermae of Aquae Granni (= Aachen) may have inspired an authorship for the equestrian statue of Ravenna that was transferred to this residential place under Charlemagne.
• The Roman-built Thermae of Bonn-Verona
• The Roman-built Thermae of Zülpich [50.690, 6.649] belong to a residential place of Frankish king Theuderic I.

Bagnoregio at Viterbo for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. p. 187
 
   
Þioda [62]
Þióð		 ‘Thy’: north-western cap of Jutland;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 187–188
   
Þioðlond [22]
 Region of →  Þioda
   
Þorta [371] Dortmund [51.51, 7.46], NRW;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 188–189
   
Þyringa -land
[formáli]
 Thuringia;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 189–191
   
Tira [245,249,250, 253,263]
Tiro [257]
   iTira [252]
 → Tyra
   
Torkeren {8} (ethn.) → Turkerer
   
Trelinnborg [282]
Trieborg [Icel. MS A]		 apparently the other name of → Fritila castle
cf. Nordic tré= wooden log, most likely a wooden fortress;
cf. Hans-Jürgen Hube 2009;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 194: Said to lie on the Rhine (II, 167)
   
Trent(udalir) [122]
 Trident (Lat.): Troisdorf, Sieg river valley (‘udalir’)
[50.81, 7.16], NRW.
Trent or ‘Trent(o)’, for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. pgs 195–196
   
Treya [98] Trave river or  ‘Chalusus Fluvius’, the former spelling most likely based on Ptolemy’s location ‘Treva’, a place nearest to either Hamburg or Travemünde; recently re-ascribed to Bad Oldesloe [53.812, 10.373], SH;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 197: Trene, Trave.
   
Troia [98] → Treya
   
Tulingelandh {149 Sv B} → Polarna
   
Thummatorp {119}
Tum(m)a Þorp [111]
Twm(b/m)at(h)orp
{114,129}
Tvmma Þorp(i) [118]		 Östra  or  Västra  Tommarp, Scania, Sweden;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 199
   
Turkerer (ethn.) ‘Torcilingi’, ‘Turcilingi’, a Mid European tribe supposed to be migrating between an Eastern Germanic area and Italy mid to end of 5th century.
Scholarly assumptions range from misspelling versions of the Thuringi(ans) to a connectable identity with the Bretons; cf. Reinhard Wenskus, Religion abâtardie. Materialien zum Synkretismus in der vorchristlichen politischen Theologie der Franken, in: Iconologia sacra (Festschrift für  K. Hauck), 1994, p. 237.
   
Turnborg [Icel. MS B] → Trelinnborg
   
‘Tyr’
Tyram[245,263, Icel. MS A ]
Tyro [250,252, Icel. MS A]
[245, Icel. MS B]
 Tyrol
Residence of Jarl Apollonius in → Hunaland :
Thier, formerly certified as Tyre [51.080, 7.37], NRW;
apparently with connective interpolation of
Thür [50.357, 7.278], RP;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 192: A stronghold near the Rhine…
p. 194: the provost’s house on Apollinarisberg (north of Remagen…), now Apollinariskirche, was a renowned pilgim stop.
   
Uallterborg [41] → Vilcina borg
   
‘Ungæra’,‘Ungara’
→ Ungara -skógr
→ Vngaria [12,22]
   
Ungara -skógr
[258,260,261,263,
264-266]

Hungarian woodland
Forest of Jarl Apollonius in ‘Angara’ – Engara Gau – Engersgau, the latter i.a. mentioned in the CODEX LAURESHAMENSIS, cf. Ritter.
For this identification, both Ungar(i)a and Ungara-skógr seem based on Ptolemy’s localization of the ‘Ingriones’; contextually ‘south of the
Tencteri’ (!) in/at ‘Anoba mons’, conclusively a region mainly on the
eastern bank of the Rhine north of the confluentes; cf. Engers
[50.4223, 7.5434], RP.
The texts imply at least two Ungara woodlands, since Mb 245 names Apollonius’ seat not far from the Rhine and Jarl Iron’s land bordering → Walslœngu woodland somewhat adjacent to king Sal(o)mons Frankish territory; while Mb 260 and Mb 263 indicate Apollonius’ Ungara immediately north of that woodland.
Furthermore, a third Angero may be localized on the Lower Rhine. Its name donator might have been the Angero watercourse which was documented in 975. It springs c. 35 km northwest from Apollonius’ seat → Tyre, the former name of Thier [51.080, 7.37]. The scriptor of the German source apparently merged it with the southern Engers on the confluentes which then appears east of → Bern  [Icel. MS A].

 
Værin(n)giar [13,18,69,185,194] (ethn.) Scandinavian people, commonly understood as ‘Varangians’ or ‘Varyags’;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 223–225
   
Valka borg [321]
Valkunborg [321, Icel. MS A]
Vølskuborg [321, Icel. MS B]		 ? Valkenburg [52.18, 4.43], the former Praetorium Agrippinae, presumably a residence of  Jarl Nauðung [52.18, 4.43]
   
Vallterborg  
→ Vilcina borg; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 209–210
   
Valslœngu-skógr [246,256,257]
Valslǫngu-skógr [258–261,263]		 forest of catapult
Forest of Frankish King Sal(o)mon, directly adjacent to → Ungara and → Hunaland  (cf. Mb 263.)
Ritter identifies this forest as or in the Westerwald, bordered today by lower Sieg, the rivers Rhine, Lahn and Dill, NRW, RP, HE.
Following further localizations, this woodland appears extending from the confluence of the rivers Lahn and Rhein to the area of the former Angaria (‘Angria’) on the Weser. This ‘Franconian Forest’ may mark well the martial route of Frankish king Theuderic I to the Thuringians.
Pfaff, op. cit. p. 202, suggests a Frankish region on the Main, cf.
‘Mainfranken’: ...so that some reference to the eastern Franks south of the Saxons (Franconia: MLG {= Middle Low German} Vranken-land […]) may be intended.
   
Valteskiu [22] → Pallteskia
   
Vaskastæini [330,331]
Vaska(nn)steini [151]
Vaskasteini [241,269]		 Forst, the former ‘Vosca’ [50.2178, 7.2506], RP
‘Cliff, crag or fastness’ of the Vosges mountains for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. p. 212
   
Venedi {12} Wenden [50.97, 7.87], Oberbergisches Land, NRW, by Ritter, or another name for (a) Winland location
[Mb 15, Icel. MS A]: … Reiginballd er siþann voru hertughar j Fenidi og Svava… heima j Fenidi edur rida j Suaua…
[Mb 225]: … fer hornbogi jarll heim til vinlandz… fær Sinntram austr i fenidi…
Venice, Italy, for a southern milieu: Pfaff op. cit. pgs 72–73
   
Vęrin(n)giar → (ethn.) Værin(n)giar
   
Verminnu [358, Icel. MS A]
Vermintzu
[356, Icel. MS A]
Vermista [342, Icel. MS B]
Vermistu
[358,360, Icel. MS B]
Vermustu
[356, Icel. MS B]		 Satzvey-Firmenich with the former
Virmenich castle [50.6312, 6.6885]
cf. Virnich castle [50.6382, 6.6655]
also → *Vernica
*Vernica
Vernico [358,360]
Vernicv [358]
Vernixia (Lat.) 
Verniza [342]
Vernizu [360]
 Pfaff op. cit. pgs 214-215: ‘a reflection of Worms’.
Cf. Gerhard Mürkens on Virnich in his glossary
Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Euskirchen (1958), p. 31:
Virnich, 1143 ‹ 1140 by Lacomblet ›  ebenso, = Veriniacum „Gut des Römers Verinius“. Ein L. Verinius Secundus ist ein Matronenverehrer in Zülpich. Nach Kaspers (S. 12) Viriniacum „Gut des Kelten Virinius“.
[Wilhelm Kaspers: Die —acum-Ortsnamen des Rheinlandes (1921).]
Groß-Vernich. Grundform ist *Variniacum „Gut des Kelten Varinius; der einfache keltische Name ist Varius. Mürkens op. cit. p. 34.
   
Vetlandz [112, Icel. MS B]
Vetlannz herað [112]		 → Willands …
   
Vilchinia landh {298} → Vilcinaland
   
Vil(l)cina borg [35,38] former Roman castra  in Frisia: Traiectum [52.090692, 5.121642] by the Venerable Bede: Wiltaburg, id est, Oppidum Uiltorum (Viltorum), lingua autem Gallica Trajectum, cf. Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum V,XI.
 
Vilcini borgar
[305,Icel. MS B] 		This stronghold may be not identical with the more eastern seats mentioned at e.g. [303],[305].
For instance, a place called Vilsen [52.82754, 8.98975] can be found just south of the Hanseatic city of Bremen, to the west also the Welsburg on the Welse, a western Wilsum at [52.5352, 6.8426]. Other similar place names appear in the large region of the → Svava which seems to encompass also the later Westphalia, Hessen, Low Saxony;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 215–216: ‘Stronghold of the Viltsians,’ lying near the border between Poland (Pulina-land) and Húna-land… Wiltaburh is used of Utrecht (cf. Bede, 253)
   
Vil(l)cina land
[21–24][294]
   iUillcina land [42]
 Territory of an obvious early subsidiary branch of the tribe called ‘Wilzen’ (Germ.), ‘Veleti’, ‘Wilti’
   
Vil(l)cinamen(n)
 (ethn.) male tribal people (contextually warriors) of  → Vilcinaland
   
Vilkinialand {297}  → Vilcinaland
   
Villeraborg [41, Icel. MS B]
 → Vilcina borg
   
Villtinamen(n)
Villzinamen(n)		 → (ethn.) Vilcinamenn
   
Vindlande [202, Icel. MS B]
Vindlandi [176,202]
Vindlannd [176, Icel. MS A]
Vinland [21,240]
Vinlandz [225]
Vinnland(i) [82,83]
 → Winland;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 220–221
   
Visara [61]
 		 Weser river
 
Vijsar {88} [89, Icel. MS B]
Visar [89]
 Wisser river, cf. a venue between Morsbach and Wissen, [50.8604, 7.71329] which is c. 25 km east of → Her
   
Vngaria [12][22]{17}
[formáli] 		[12]: east of → Bern  [Icel. MS A], south of → Bern[Icel. MS B]    
[22]: Territory of king Hertnit
cf. → Ungara
   
Wadhincusan [434]
Wadinkusan {377}		 Wedinghausen monastery [51.3925, 8.0650], NRW
   
Walkimborg  [321, Icel. MS A] → Valkaborg
   
Walland [formáli] Wallonia; cf. Pfaff op. cit. pgs 208–209
   
Wanlandz herad
[112, Icel. MS A]		 → Willands …
   
Wasekensten {128}
Waskastein(n) [Icel. MS]
Waskasteine [127, Icel. MS B]
Waskasteini [Icel. MS]
Waskasteipi [127]
 → Vaskasteinn 
   
Wellandzherrit {123} → Willands …
   
Wermintza [342, Icel. MS A]
Wermintzu [360, Icel. MS A]		 → Vernica
   
Weronni [231, Icel. MSS] → ‘iverne’
   
Wilcina- {33}
Wilcinaland
{17,134,246,247}
WilcinÆ land {138}
 → Vilcinaland
   
Wilkina land {17,19,134,297,298}
Wilkinia landh {297}
Wilkini land {19}
 → Wilcinaland
   
Wil(l)kinamen(n) → Vilcinamenn
   
Willands Hærid {115} Villand, Scania, Sweden;
cf. Pfaff op. cit. p. 215
(Hærid  = Germ. ‘Harde’)
Vetlanda, Småland
   
Willcina
[305, Icel. MS A]
Willtina borg
[278,303, Icel. MS A]		 → Vilcina borg
   
Willtinusmenn →  (ethn.) Vilcinamenn
   
Wilsina borgar
[278, Icel. MS B]
 → Vilcina borg
   
Windland [formáli]
Windlandz [225, Icel. MSS]
Winland {17,187,209}
 Wendland, region bordering on the lower Elbe, today centered on the district of Lüchow-Dannenberg, LS. But this seems less likely for these name forms cannot be attested before 18th century.
   
Wisar {88} → Vijsar [89]
Wisara {59}
 Weser river, LS and other German States
   
Wngara [263…266] → Ungara
Wngeren {8} (ethn.) → ‘Ungaria’
   
Ylfingar [408]
 (ethn., pn., usually also genitive) dynastic patronymic likely transferred from southern poetry
The Wolfdietrich-Ortnit epics maintain that Hildebrand had received from his lord three golden wolves on his shield which, however, contradicts the heraldic descriptions of both Hildibrand and Þiðrek; see Mb [172],[173], Pfaff op. cit. p. 227.
   
Yspan(e/i)a {6,29,148}
Yspaniea {148}		 → Hispania
 

Þiðreks saga

Chapter Allocations


1. Þiðreks saga [Mb] →   Bertelsen ‘vol, p.’
External document: ThsChapterAllocation_Mb-Bertelsen.pdf

2. Old Swedish MS K 45,4°,  E 9013  →  Þiðreks saga [Mb]
External document: ThsChapterAllocation_Sv-Mb.pdf

3. Edition by Johan Peringskiöld 1715 →  Þiðreks saga [Mb]
External document: ThsChapterAllocation_MbP-Mb.pdf
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